International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

Deep Learning-Based SC-FDMA Channel Equalization

Mohamed Anbar Omar — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

It is very challenging to design an effective wireless communication system. That's because of numerous factors affecting the performance of a typical wireless communication system, such as nonlinear channel distortions and impairments. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is a multiple access scheme that is an important part of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard for uplink transmission. An advanced mobile radio system's multiple access schemes should indeed meet stringent requirements, such as a low bit error rate (BER). In this article, we investigate the equalization problem for nonlinear channel distortions and impairments using deep neural networks (NN). We introduce a novel combined deep neural network channel equalization and symbol detection scheme based on a Deep Learning (DL) recurrent feedback (RF) long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to achieve blind equalization and decoding for SC-FDMA systems without knowing the channel state information (CSI). To train the model efficiently, the training data is gathered by simulation, with channel effects and noise treated as a complete black box. CSI and constellation demapping are learned by a deep neural network (DNN) model. Then, the frequency-domain sequences that have been corrupted are implicitly equalized to get the broadcasted signal back. Our specified SC-FDMA system, which uses a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation method and the suggested Deep Learning-based model channel equalizer, performs better than the existing equalizers by an average of 1 to 4 dB at moderate signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios, according to simulation data. A complexity comparison between the proposed and the conventional equalizers was conducted in terms of training time, execution time, and number of operations. On combined channel equalization and symbol detection, the suggested system delivers state-of-the-art performance.

Intelligent ANFIS-Based Distributed Generators Energy Control and Power Dispatch of Grid-Connected Microgrids Integrated into Distribution Network

EBENEZER NARH ODONKOR — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Power supply management is a critical problem in the operation distribution network, considering the causes of large power losses and interruptions in the main grid caused by the unware connection of loads and DGs affecting power delivery to customers downstream of the network. The above-mentioned problems can be reduced by the integration of Microgrids close to load centers and developing a controller using adaptive control techniques to enhance reliable power supply. For this reason, this paper presents adaptive energy management employing ANFIS to control distributed generators energy sources, loads, and power dispatch of grid-connected microgrids among multi-connected power sources to maintain a stable power supply without using any optimization techniques. The proposed intelligent ANFIS system is trained for power sharing purposes and applied to various Microgrid controllers. Moreover, the mathematical modeling of distributed generators, system design, simulation, and testing of the proposed method were done using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results have proven that; the proposed controller is capable of assigning power source(s) to additional load connected to an active distribution network without interruptions of power flow. The obtained results were compared to similar works that used ANFIS-PID, PSO-ANFIS, and GA-ANFIS. It is realized that the proposed method has a high ability to automatically connect and control distributed generators energy sources with effective power dispatch capability in mitigating downtime of grid power operations

A Fast and Simple Machine Vision Framework for Approximating the Volume of Axi-Symmetric Objects Using Shadow Ray Casting

Taweepol Suesut, Siwakorn Sukprasertchai — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

A fast and simple machine vision framework has been developed for estimating the volume of axi-symmetric objects in near real-time using a single camera and simple illumination. The framework utilizes the shadow casting method to reconstruct the 3D shape of the object by tracing rays from object shadow pixels to the light source position. In this research, the RayVol framework is introduced and provides details about the software, hardware, and light source calibration methods. The processing algorithm is also described. The system initially takes an image and preprocesses it by segmenting the object and its shadow. Then, a skeleton morphological operator is applied to extract the object's medial information. A virtual slice representing the object's cross-section is constructed using cubic spline estimation from the basis points acquired from the boundary points of the object image and the shadow-casting method. The volume approximation is computed by finite integration using the Riemann sum approximation algorithm, and the closed area of the virtual slice is computed using the Shoelace algorithm. The performance of the developed framework was evaluated and discussed. An example of the application of the framework in agriculture and food processing was included, using mango as the test material to perform volume approximation and sorting.

A New 6D Hyperchaos-Based Medical Image Encryption Scheme using k-Fibonacci Numbers

Samira DIB, Fadila Benmeddour, Asma Benchiheb — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

In the era of information technology, hospitals, medical centers, doctors and health specialists share millions of images with each other. Securing these images is essential to preserve the privacy of patients. Several cryptographic algorithms are implemented to meet the increasing demands of transmission systems. As a contribution in securing these data, we propose a novel robust and efficient algorithm. We randomly generate numbers from a 6D hyperchaotic system and Arnold's cat map to confuse the original images. Then, confused images are diffused using a k-Fibonacci matrix. The performance of our algorithm was evaluated using several parameters tested on a set of reference images of different sizes and modalities. The obtained results are conclusive and the performances are excellent, sometimes exceeding those found by other recent algorithms proposed in the literature.

Comparative investigation of DSP-based speed control of PMSM using Proportional Integral and Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Controller

Rachid ASKOUR — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

This paper presents the simulation and experimental results of speed control of a three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The control techniques employed in this work include a proportional integral (PI) controller and a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic controller (FLC). While theory and simulation help in predicting the PI controller settings for real drive implementation, further adjustment of the PI controller coefficients is still needed for optimal performance. However, the complexity of PI controller tuning can be overcome by employing a fuzzy logic controller, which is less affected by variations in model parameters and load torque. Two variants of the proposed FLC are implemented: a simple algorithm with 9 rules and a standard algorithm with 49 rules. The drive system utilizes Field Oriented Control (FOC). The control program is developed using the C/C++ programming language and executed on the Texas Instruments TMS320LF28335 digital signal processor (DSP), known for its intelligent motor control capabilities. The drive system evaluation was performed through simulations and experimentations using the MCK28335 professional development kit provided by Technosoft Company. The simulation and experimental results of the proposed controllers are compared under various conditions, including speed reversal and load torque variations.

Virtual Private Network – Firewall Integration for Wireless Local Area Network Improvement Against Jammers

Shayma Wail Nourildean — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Wireless networks are susceptible to many security problems since a wireless medium is open. Jammer (jamming attack) is the most important problems in wireless networks. It is denial-of-service attack in which attackers send malicious signals or messages on a channel that is intended for normal traffic by intentionally interfering with the network. One of the solutions is the development of Tunneling technology as an attempt to secure communication networks. Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunneling technology when integrated with firewall would provide a suitable security. This study examined the impact of Jammer interference with the normal operation of the network and degrade the performance of network. The study was done in number of different Riverbed Modeler simulation scenarios for video and data applications. The jammers decrease throughput and increase delay and data dropped. VPN when integrated with firewall would improve the performance by increasing the throughput and decreasing delay and data dropped. The firewall would block any access to the server from the workstations and the VPN would filter the packets to allow a specific access to the specific server. The results proved that VPN incorporated with firewall provides a good throughput and delay improvement for wireless local area network.

Design of a decentralised PID controller using the internal model control technique for a coupled flotation process

Nomzamo Tshemese-Mvandaba — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

This research focuses on the design of the decentralized Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for a coupled flotation system and highlights the challenges faced when working with coupled Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) systems that are not controllable by conventional linear feedback controllers. With the use of a thoughtful selection of single-loop pairings, the decentralized controller is created. Through Relative Gain Array (RGA), control decentralization is used to minimize the effects of process interfaces. A set-point tracking technique based on internal model controllers (IMCs) is adopted in the design. Presented in this paper is the initial concept of the proposed decentralized controller, as well as the details of the application procedure for the system under study. Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the closed-loop system and validate the performance of the proposed control strategy, the performance of the closed-loop system is verified through Simulink.

A Wireless Voting System using Wi-Fi-based Microcontrollers and Face Verification

Hameed Farhan, Arwa M. Taqi, Muayad S. Kod — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Voting systems nowadays are highly interesting due to their importance in expressing opinions. The proposed wireless Electronic Voting system (EVS) uses microcontrollers that support a Wi-Fi network. Eligible voters are identified by recognizing their faces using deep neural networks, specifically, the VGG-16 model. The Wi-Fi connections between the server and the clients are carried out through the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) transmission method to ensure data arrival without loss. The client's side comprises four small and cheap microcontrollers known as ESP8622-01, whereas the server side contains one NodeMCU ESP8622-12E microcontroller connected to a program computer. The voting results are displayed using the Visual Basic programming language. The proposed EVS is designed for a special type of election, where it can be used to vote about a specific opinion by selecting either the (Yes) or (No) option. It can also be used to elect a committee manager or a group leader and can be extended to include more voters. The experiments show that the VGG model achieves an accuracy of about 99.18% when simulated on images of the Faces96 database and 99.58% using our database. Besides, the proposed EVS is reliable, accurate, and cost-effective.

TOWARDS EFFICIENT ENERGY SOLUTIONS: MCDA-DRIVEN SELECTION OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

In these days of growing awareness on Renewable Energy Sources and their benefits, there is a major issue that needs to be considered, which is selection of suitable Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) among the vast multitude of choices. In this project, multiple MCDA (Multi Criteria Decision Analysis) techniques are proposed to select the best among a choice of six HRES Systems using different criteria including but not limited to Net Present Cost (NPC), Operating cost, Renewability Fraction, CO2 & NOx emissions¬ etc... The criteria weights are obtained using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the preference order of the criteria. The decision matrix is obtained from the statistical data of the different HRES Systems and using different MCDA techniques such as MOORA, TOPSIS and VIKOR, rankings are given to the HRES systems based on their closeness to the ideal solution. These rankings are helpful in the selection of suitable HRES configuration for normal household purposes. Since cost aspects are given greater preference, the obtained rankings lean more towards economically affordable solutions without compromising on the number of units generated.

Demand-Side-Management-Based Optimal Power Usage Considering Flexibility of Load for Cost-Centric Energy Management of a Test Grid System

Syed Munimus Salam, Nur Mohammad, Nur Mohammad — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Demand-side management (DSM) adjusts load demand by rebuilding the load demand model of a distribution system and thus reduces operating costs. One potential approach to achieving cost savings is the redistribution of flexible loads to time periods characterized by lower utility expenses per unit, or alternatively, the elimination of nonessential loads. The primary objective of this research is to examine the use of DSM (demand-side management) approaches in the scheduling of domestic appliances. The aim is to effectively minimize operating expenditures, the peak-to-average demand ratio (PADR), and any associated problems. Domestic appliances may be categorized into three distinct types based on their ability to adjust to variations in time, temperature, and light: time-flexible, temperature-flexible, and light-flexible. The second step of the study focuses on modelling the power consumption scheduling issue for demand-side clients. This is done by including operating cost priorities and modes of operation while taking into account both demand and supply factors. This research optimizes an IEEE 33 bus test grid system using load scheduling, fossil fuel generators, and renewable energy. The primary objective of this optimization is to minimize operating costs. In order to optimize the load model, it was necessary to restructure it according to the DSM participation level. After considering the restructured load demand models, distributed load scheduling ideas are disseminated to reduce test grid system power distribution costs.

Re-evaluating the SPRT Chart with Estimated Process Parameters when the Underlying Distributions are Gamma, Lognormal, and Weibull

Jing Wei Teoh, Wei Lin Teoh, Zhi Lin Chong, Ming Ha Lee, Sin Yin Teh — Wed, 06 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0800

To reduce the impact of Phase-I parameter estimation on the performances of Phase-II control charts, researchers have incorporated the ideology of Guaranteed In-control Performance (GICP) in their statistical designs to limit the risk of excessive false alarms. At present, most research works have primarily focused on normally distributed data. However, the assumption of normality is often violated in manufacturing environments, and certain data may exhibit positively skewed distributions. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the SPRT control chart with estimated process parameters designed using the GICP method under three different skewed distributions, i.e., the Gamma, Lognormal, and Weibull distributions. The study is conducted by varying the Phase-I sample size and the degree of skewness in order to reveal their impacts upon the in-control and out-of-control performances of the SPRT chart with estimated process parameters. Results show that an increase in the skewness level leads to rapid deterioration in both the in-control and out-of-control expected values of the average time to signal (AATS) and the average standard deviation of the time to signal (ASDTS). Interestingly, we have found that increasing the Phase-I sample size leads to deterioration in the conditional in-control performance, but an improvement in the out-of-control AATS and ASDTS values. Furthermore, it is found that, among the three distributions, the Lognormal distribution produces the least stable performance when skewness is large and the Phase-I sample size is small.

Interoperability Challenges in Multivendor IEC 61850 Devices for Parallel Power Transformer Differential Protection

Ntokozo Nichol Shangase, Mukovhe Ratshitanga, Mkhululi Elvis Siyanda Mnguni — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Interoperability of GOOSE messages is essential for the proper operation of protection schemes such as the parallel power transformer (PTRF) differential protection scheme, especially when using multivendor IEC 61850 devices. GOOSE messages allow for fast and reliable communication between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and are based on Ethernet communication. To ensure the interoperability of GOOSE messages between multivendor devices, adherence to the IEC 61850 standard specifications is crucial. The standard defines the format and content of GOOSE messages, including the data object model, data types, and communication protocols. Third-party testing and certification programs can also ensure compliance with the standard and help guarantee interoperability between different vendors. Device conformance with these standards does not ensure interoperability when devices from various manufacturers are utilized. Interoperability is necessary between the relevant devices from various vendors to provide system power stability and protection. If multivendor device interoperability is achieved, power utilities will be able to utilize multivendor devices in substations. The study investigates and provides comprehensive methods for achieving IEC 61850 standard-based interoperability problems in parallel with PTRF's current differential protection schemes between IEDs (SEL-487E and MiCOM-P645 produced by different vendors under fault conditions. In a lab-scale environment with RTDS for real-time simulation in Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL), the designed technique is simulated and tested

Low Loss THz Waveguides and its Potentials Towards 6G Communication: A Brief Chronicle Review

Tue, 02 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Advancement in technology has opened the doors for the terahertz (THz) frequency range to be applied in different fields for various applications. The future communication technology, especially 6G, will also intend to utilize the THz frequency band due to its large bandwidth that has the capabilities to achieve a high data rate. Great losses are presented in the early research into terahertz transmission medium. It is critical to design an appropriate waveguide that can integrate the THz waves into the system efficiently with minimum loss and provides the ease of transmission of data and overcome the free space loss issues. Communication, sensing, and other application parameters are highly affected by transmission losses; therefore, low transmission loss and dispersion loss waveguide designs are required for proper utilization. In this paper, the review on reduction in the transmission loss in different types of waveguides operating at the Terahertz frequency range is studied. The design and the experimental setup for several classes of THz waveguide for minimizing transmission loss are also discussed. The review study shows that these waveguides can be a promising transmission medium for future 6-G communication.

Investigations in Challenges and Solutions for M2M Communications- a review

MANIKANDAN A — Tue, 02 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0800

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming increasingly popular, and M2M technology is one of its major components. Reducing human interaction and tasks is one of the most important justifications for research in machine-to-machine communication. Also, machine-to-machine technology decreases network traffic, improving network effectiveness. In contrast, Multiple networks are combined into M2M networks, which leads to security-related design concerns. However, a significant barrier to its growth is security. According to statistics, new gadgets may come under attack five minutes after they connect to the Internet. If these issues are resolved, it will be easier for people to trust this worldview. Security issues have gotten little attention despite extensive M2M studies. This article offers a thorough analysis of M2M communication technologies in terms of security to better comprehend M2M communications, focusing on security and the risks M2M communications face.

Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hydrogen-Based Micro Hydro-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Energy Access: A Case Study in Sri Aman, Sarawak

Mon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Every human has the right to obtain electricity safely and easily. This is not necessarily true for rural areas where grid extensions might be unfeasible. Hence, rural electrification initiatives such as designing stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems were performed to ensure these areas are electrified. However, in Sarawak, most investigations prioritize conventional sources despite the emergence of technology such as fuel cells. Furthermore, diversified investigations on stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems in Sarawak are lacking, and certain areas in Sarawak are not electrified yet. This novel work investigates the feasibility of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system for rural applications in Sarawak and the inclusion of hydrogen into such a system while using a combination of various load patterns. The system was sized and then simulated for validation and further investigations. Four various scenarios were explored, each with its own results, and comparisons were performed between them. The micro hydro system generates the most energy, making it essential for the proposed system. The addition of hydrogen technology will increase the overall cost of the system but reduces excess electricity and contributes to the overall generation. The amount of excess electricity affects the overall performance of the hydrogen system. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the electrolyzer could impact the cost of the system. Overall, the micro hydro-solar-hydrogen-battery combination is the ideal system for the longhouse in Sri Aman. This system has NPC of $148,687, COE of $0.19/kWh, and initial Capital of $107,207.